Resources
What is Alcoholic Liver Disease? (From the Mount Sinai Health Library)
Alcoholic liver disease most often occurs after years of heavy drinking. Over time, scarring and cirrhosis can occur. Cirrhosis is the final phase of alcoholic liver disease.
Alcoholic liver disease does not occur in all heavy drinkers. The chances of getting liver disease go up the longer you have been drinking and more alcohol you consume. You do not have to get drunk for the disease to happen.
The disease is most common in people between 40 and 50 years of age. Men are more likely to have this problem. However, women may develop the disease after less exposure to alcohol than men. Some people may have an inherited risk for the disease.
Long-term alcohol abuse can lead to dangerous damage called alcoholic liver disease. Let’s talk today about alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholic liver disease usually occurs after years of drinking too much. The longer you’ve abused alcohol, and the more alcohol you’ve consumed, the greater likelihood you will develop liver disease. Alcohol may cause swelling and inflammation in your liver, or something called hepatitis. Over time, this can lead to scarring and cirrhosis of the liver, which is the final phase of alcoholic liver disease. The damage caused by cirrhosis is unfortunately irreversible. To determine if you have alcoholic liver disease your doctor will probably test your blood, take a biopsy of the liver, and do a liver function test. You should also have other tests to rule out other diseases that could be causing your symptoms. Your symptoms may vary depending upon the severity of your disease. Usually, symptoms are worse after a recent period of heavy drinking. In fact, you may not even have symptoms until the disease is pretty advanced. Generally, symptoms of alcoholic liver disease include abdominal pain and tenderness, dry mouth and increased thirst, fatigue, jaundice (which is yellowing of the skin), loss of appetite, and nausea. Your skin may look abnormally dark or light. Your feet or hands may look red. You may notice small, red, spider-like blood vessels on your skin. You may have abnormal bleeding. Your stools might be dark, bloody, black, or tarry. You may have frequent nosebleeds or bleeding gums. You may vomit blood or material that looks like coffee grounds. Alcoholic liver disease also can affect your brain and nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, changing mood, confusion, and pain, numbness, or a tingling sensation in your arms or legs. The most important part of treatment is to stop drinking alcohol completely. If you don’t have liver cirrhosis yet, your liver can actually heal itself, that is, if you stop drinking alcohol. You may need an alcohol rehabilitation program or counseling to break free from alcohol. Vitamins, especially B-complex vitamins and folic acid, can help reverse malnutrition. If cirrhosis develops, you will need to manage the problems it can cause. It may even lead to needing a liver transplant.
Symptoms
There may be no symptoms, or symptoms may come on slowly. This depends on how well the liver is working. Symptoms tend to be worse after a period of heavy drinking.
There may be no symptoms, or symptoms may come on slowly. This depends on how well the l
Early symptoms include:
Early symptoms include:
- Loss of energy
- Poor appetite and weight loss
- Nausea
- Belly pain
- Small, red spider-like blood vessels on the skin
As liver function worsens, symptoms may include:
- Fluid buildup of the legs (edema) and in the abdomen (ascites)
- Yellow color in the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes (jaundice)
- Redness on the palms of the hands
- In men, impotence, shrinking of the testicles, and breast swelling
- Easy bruising and abnormal bleeding
- Confusion or problems thinking
- Pale or clay-colored stools
- Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract
Exams and Tests
Your health care provider will do a physical exam to look for:
- An enlarged liver or spleen
- Excess breast tissue in men
- Swollen abdomen, as a result of too much fluid
- Reddened palms
- Red spider-like blood vessels on the skin
- Small testicles
- Widened veins in the wall of the abdomen
- Yellow eyes or skin (jaundice)
Tests you may have include:
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Liver function tests
- Coagulation studies
- Liver biopsy
Tests to rule out other diseases include:
- Abdominal CT scan
- Blood tests for other causes of liver disease
- Ultrasound of the abdomen
- Ultrasound elastography
Treatment
LIFESTYLE CHANGES
Some things you can do to help take care of your liver disease are:
- Stop drinking alcohol.
- Eat a healthy diet that is low in salt.
- Get vaccinated for diseases such as influenza, hepatitis A and hepatitis B, and pneumococcal pneumonia.
- Talk to your provider about all medicines you take, including herbs and supplements and over-the-counter medicines.
MEDICINES FROM YOUR DOCTOR
- “Water pills” (diuretics) to get rid of fluid buildup
- Vitamin K or blood products to prevent excess bleeding
- Medicines for mental confusion
- Antibiotics for infections
OTHER TREATMENTS
- Endoscopic treatments for enlarged veins in the esophagus (esophageal varices)
- Removal of fluid from the abdomen (paracentesis)
- Placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) to repair blood flow in the liver
When cirrhosis progresses to end-stage liver disease, a liver transplant may be needed. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease is only considered in people who have completely avoided alcohol for 6 months.
Support Groups
More information and support for people with alcoholic liver disease and their families can be found by joining support groups for alcoholism or liver disease.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Alcoholic liver disease is treatable if it is caught before it causes severe damage. However, continued excessive drinking can shorten your lifespan.
Cirrhosis further worsens the condition and can lead to serious complications. In case of severe damage, the liver cannot heal or return to normal function.
Possible Complications
Complications may include:
- Bleeding disorders (coagulopathy)
- Buildup of fluid in the abdomen (ascites) and infection of the fluid (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis – SBP)
- Enlarged veins in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines that bleed easily (esophageal varices)
- Increased pressure in the blood vessels of the liver (portal hypertension)
- Kidney failure (hepatorenal syndrome)
- Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
- Mental confusion, change in the level of consciousness, or coma (hepatic encephalopathy)
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if you:
- Develop symptoms of alcoholic liver disease
- Develop symptoms after a long period of heavy drinking
- Are worried that drinking may be harming your health
Get emergency medical help right away if you have:
- Abdominal or chest pain
- Abdominal swelling or ascites that is new or suddenly becomes worse
- A fever (temperature greater than 101°F, or 38.3°C)
- Diarrhea
- New confusion or a change in alertness, or it gets worse
- Rectal bleeding, vomiting blood, or blood in the urine
- Shortness of breath
- Vomiting more than once a day
- Yellowing skin or eyes (jaundice) that is new or gets worse quickly
Prevention
Talk openly to your provider about your alcohol intake. The provider can counsel you about options.
References
Chalasani NP, Maher J. Alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 138.
Haines EJ, Thompson H. Liver and biliary tract disorders. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 76.
Szabo G, McClain CJ. Alcohol-associated liver disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 86.
Alcohol Abuse – Post Covid
Alcohol Abuse - Post COVID
Alcohol consumption increased more during the COVID-19 pandemic than in the last 50 years.
Severe illness, grief, isolation, disrupted schooling, job loss, economic hardship, shortages of food and supplies, mental health problems, and limited access to health care — these are just some of the sources of stress people faced during the COVID-19 pandemic.
To cope, many people turned to alcohol despite the risk of developing alcohol-related problems, including problem drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines excessive alcohol use as binge drinking, heavy drinking, alcohol use by people under the minimum legal drinking age, and alcohol use by pregnant women. AUD is a clinical diagnosis that indicates someone’s drinking is causing distress and harm. AUD can range from mild to severe, depending on the severity of the symptoms. Severe AUD is sometimes called alcohol addiction.
We spoke with George F. Koob, Ph.D., director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), to learn about the pandemic’s effects on alcohol use and related harms. Koob is an expert on the biology of alcohol and drug addiction and has been studying the impact of alcohol on the brain for more than 50 years. He is a national leader in efforts to prevent and treat AUD and to educate people about risky alcohol use.
Sources
- Ballard, J. (2016). What is Dry January? British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 66(642), 32. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X683173
- Beaudoin, C. E. (2011). Hurricane Katrina: Addictive behavior trends and predictors. Public Health Reports, 126(3), 400-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600314
- Cerda, M., Vlahov, D., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2008). Alcohol use trajectories among adults in an urban area after a disaster: Evidence from a population-based cohort study. Addiction, 103(8), 1296-1307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02247.x
- McPhee, M. D., Keough, M. T., Rundle, S., Heath, L. M., Wardell, J. D., & Hendershot, C. S. (2020). Depression, environmental reward, coping motives and alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 574676. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.574676
- National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors. (December 2020). Policy brief: Disasters and substance use: Implications for the response to COVID-19. https://nasadad.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Policy-brief_-Disasters-and-Substance-Use.pdf
- (2023). Alcohol-related deaths, which increased during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, continued to rise in 2021. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/news-events/research-update/alcohol-related-deaths-which-increased-during-first-year-covid-19-pandemic-continued-rise-2021
- (2022). Surveillance report COVID-19: Alcohol sales during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance-covid-19/COVSALES.htm
- Rodriguez, L. M., Litt, D. M., & Stewart, S. H. (2020). Drinking to cope with the pandemic: The unique associations of COVID-19-related perceived threat and psychological distress to drinking behaviors in American men and women. Addictive Behaviors, 110, 106532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106532
- Schmidt, R. A., Genois, R., Jin, J., Vigo, D., Rehm, J., & Rush, B. (2021). The early impact of COVID-19 on the incidence, prevalence, and severity of alcohol use and other drugs: a systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 228, 109065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109065
- White, A. M., Castle, I. P., Powell, P. A., Hingson, R. W., & Koob, G. F. (2022). Alcohol-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA, 327(17), 1704-1706. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.4308
- Ballard, J. (2016). What is Dry January? British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 66(642), 32. https://doi.org/10.3399/
bjgp16X683173 - Beaudoin, C. E. (2011). Hurricane Katrina: Addictive behavior trends and predictors. Public Health Reports, 126(3), 400-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/
003335491112600314 - Cerda, M., Vlahov, D., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2008). Alcohol use trajectories among adults in an urban area after a disaster: Evidence from a population-based cohort study. Addiction, 103(8), 1296-1307. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1360-0443.2008.02247.x - McPhee, M. D., Keough, M. T., Rundle, S., Heath, L. M., Wardell, J. D., & Hendershot, C. S. (2020). Depression, environmental reward, coping motives and alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 574676. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.574676 - National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors. (December 2020). Policy brief: Disasters and substance use: Implications for the response to COVID-19. https://nasadad.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/12/
Policy-brief_-Disasters-and-
Substance-Use.pdf - (2023). Alcohol-related deaths, which increased during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, continued to rise in 2021. https://www.niaaa.nih.g
ov/news-events/research-
update/alcohol-related-deaths-
which-increased-during-first-
year-covid-19-pandemic-
continued-rise-2021 - (2022). Surveillance report COVID-19: Alcohol sales during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://pubs.niaaa.
nih.gov/publications/surveilla
nce-covid-19/COVSALES.htm - Rodriguez, L. M., Litt, D. M., & Stewart, S. H. (2020). Drinking to cope with the pandemic: The unique associations of COVID-19-related perceived threat and psychological distress to drinking behaviors in American men and women. Addictive Behaviors, 110, 106532. https://doi.org/10.101
6/j.addbeh.2020.106532 - Schmidt, R. A., Genois, R., Jin, J., Vigo, D., Rehm, J., & Rush, B. (2021). The early impact of COVID-19 on the incidence, prevalence, and severity of alcohol use and other drugs: a systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 228, 109065. https://doi.org/10.101
6/j.drugalcdep.2021.109065 - White, A. M., Castle, I. P., Powell, P. A., Hingson, R. W., & Koob, G. F. (2022). Alcohol-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA, 327(17), 1704-1706. https://doi.org/10.1001/j
ama.2022.4308